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《加拿大权利和自由宪章.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms》
米娅 2010年4月7日 09:04:57

按:本人2008年3月的一个帖子。

Disclaimer: The article in English above is from a posting on the Internet. Maybe it’s originally from Canadian Justice Website. Chinese words are my translation practice. I’m not sure of its correction and accuracy.  
免责声明: 下述英文文本是我从一个贴子里拷贝来的, 具体出处未知. 可能来自加拿大司法机构新闻. 中文是我的翻译练习,本人并不对其正确性和准确性负责。

加拿大宪法: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/Const/annex_e.html#III    

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

加拿大权利和自由宪章

April 17, 1982 is a noteworthy date in Canadian history. It was on this day that the rights and freedoms of Canadians were enshrined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, an integral part of our country's constitution.

1982年4月17日是加拿大历史上值得注意的日子。在这一天加拿大人的权利和自由被写入加拿大权利和自由宪章,成为我国宪法不可分割的一部分。
What is the Charter? 这个《宪章》是什么?

·       The enactment of the Charter was an important Canadian milestone in the protection of human rights. The values and principles embodied in the Charter are essential to the promotion of a free and democratic society.

·      《宪章》的实施是加拿大保护人权的重要里程碑。《宪章》所包含的价值观和行为准则是促进自由民主社会的基础。

·       The Charter protects Canadians' rights and freedoms by limiting the ability of governments to pass laws or take actions that discriminate or infringe on human rights. This means that all individuals must be treated equally, regardless of their race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. The Charter also protects Canada's linguistic duality and multicultural character.

·      《宪章》通过限制政府通过歧视或侵犯人权的法律、或采取行动的能力,保护加拿大人的权利和自由。这就意味着对每个人,无论他们的种族、原国籍、肤色、性别、年龄或智力或身体缺陷,必须平等对待。《宪章》也保护加拿大双语和多元文化的特点。

A Closer Look at the Charter 近距离看《宪章》
Protected under the umbrella of the Charter are the following rights and freedoms:

《宪章》保护下的下列权利和自由:


Fundamental Freedoms (Section 2): This section includes the right to freedom of conscience and religion; freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communications; and freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

基本自由(第2部分):这部分包括:良知和宗教自由的权利;思想、信仰、观点和言论表达的自由,包括出版和交流的其他媒体的自由;和平集会和结社的自由。
Democratic Rights (Sections 3, 4, & 5): These sections contain the rules that guarantee Canadians a democratic government. Included in these sections is the right to vote, the right to run for public office, and the maximum duration and sitting of legislative bodies.

民主权利(第3, 4, & 5部分):这些部分包括保证一个民主政府的规则。这部分包括投票权、履行公职、立法机构的最长任期和会期的权利。
Mobility Rights (Section 6): This section ensures the right to move from place to place and ensures Canadian citizens are free to enter and leave Canada as they please. It also gives citizens and permanent residents the right to move to and live in any province.

迁徙权利(第6部分):这部分是保证加拿大公民可以自由迁徙,并保证加拿大公民可以自由的出入加拿大。它也赋予加拿大公民和永久居民迁徙和生活在任何省份的权利。
Legal Rights (Section 7-14): These sections set out the rights that protect us in our dealings with the justice system. They ensure that individuals who are involved in legal proceedings are treated fairly, especially those charged with a criminal offence. Included in the legal rights are the right to: life, liberty, and security of the person; to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure; not to be subject to arbitrary detention or imprisonment; to be informed promptly for reasons for any arrest or detention; to retain and instruct counsel on arrest or detention; to trial within a reasonable time by an impartial tribunal; to the presumption of innocence; protection against self-incrimination; not to be subjected to cruel and unusual treatment or punishment; and the right to the assistance of an interpreter.

法律权利(第7-17部分):这些部分确立了我们与司法系统打交道时具有的权利。它们保证卷入司法程序的个人被公平对待,尤其是那些被指控有犯罪行为的人。它包含的权利有:生存权、自由和个人安全的权利;保护个人不受不合理的搜查和逮捕;不遭受任意拘留或监禁;在任何逮捕或监禁时立即被告知原因的权利;在被捕或监禁时保留和通知辩护人的权利;通过公正的法庭在合理的时间审判的权利;无罪假定;反对株连;不受残酷和不平常的对待或惩罚;具有得到翻译帮助的权利。
Equality Rights (Section 15): This section includes the right to equal treatment before and under the law; and to equal benefit and protection of the law without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability. The courts have also recognized other grounds of discrimination that are not specifically set out in the Charter such as sexual orientation and marital status. This section came into effect in 1985.

平等权利(第15部分):这部分包括在法律面前一律平等;无论种族、原国籍、肤色、宗教、性别、智力或身体缺陷,都平等的受法律的保护和帮助。法庭也认识到虽然没写在《宪章》的歧视,比如性趋向和婚姻状态。这部分在1985年生效。
Language Rights (Sections 16 - 20): These sections confirm that English and French are the official languages of Canada, and assert the equality of the French and English languages in particular situations. Included in the language rights is the right to use English or French in Parliament, and in any court established by Parliament, including the Supreme Court of Canada. Federal laws must also be published in both English and French.

语言权利(第16-20部分):这些部分确认英语和法语是加拿大的官方语言,并且在一定场合维护法语和英语的平等性。语言权利包括在议会、议会建立的任何法庭(包括加拿大高级法庭),使用英语或法语的权利。
Minority Language Education Rights (Section 23): This section establishes Provincial governments must provide certain English or French language minority rights. Minority language education applies when there is a sufficient number of eligible children to justify providing schooling in that language.

少数民族语言教育权利(第23部分):这部分确定省政府必须提供一定的英语或法语少数权利。少数民族语言教育权利是指在当有足够多的适宜儿童时,提供使用该语言教育的权利。


In addition to the rights and freedoms under the Charter, there are a number of interpretive provisions:

除了宪章下的权利和自由,还有一些解释条款:


Interpretive Provisions (Section 25 - 29): The interpretive provisions have played a significant role in Charter decisions. There are interpretive provisions dealing with aboriginal and treaty rights; the multicultural heritage of Canadians; gender equality; and denominational, separate, or dissentient schools.

解释条款(第25-29部分):这些解释条款在宪章决策中起着显著的作用。这些解释条款处理原著民和协议权利、加拿大人多元文化传统、性别平等、和教派的、分离的、或不同观点的学校的问题.


The Charter contains a limiting clause that defines under what circumstances a Charter right or freedom can be limited:

宪章包括限定语句来定义在什么情况下宪章的权利或自由能够被限制:


Limiting Clause (section 1): The rights and freedoms in the Charter are not absolute. This section provides that certain limits on rights and freedoms are acceptable if those limitations can be justified in a "free and democratic society".

限制语句(第1部分): 《宪章》上的自由和权利不是绝对的.这一部分认为如果在一个“自由和民主社会”某些限制认为是公正的,在权利和自由上的一定限制就是可以接受的.


A person who believes his or her rights or freedoms have been violated can ask for a remedy under the following provisions:

如果一个人认为他/她的权利被侵犯, 他/她可以在下面的条款下要求纠正:


Section 24: This section permits anyone whose Charter rights have been infringed or denied to apply to a court for an appropriate and just remedy.

第24部分: 这部分允许任何人, 在他/她的宪章权利被侵犯或否认了, 向法庭申请合理和公正的纠正.
Section 52: This section provides that the constitution of Canada is the supreme law of Canada, and that any law inconsistent with it is of no force or effect.

第52部分: 这一部分规定加拿大宪法是加拿大最高法律, 并且任何与之违背的法律都是无效的.

Scope and application of the Charter:

《宪章》的范围和应用:


Section 32: According to section 32, the Charter applies to federal, provincial, and territorial legislatures and governments. Thus, the Charter protects individuals from violations of their human rights and fundamental freedoms by government.

第32部分: 根据第32部分,《宪章》应用于联邦、省和地区立法机构和政府.因此,《宪章》保护个人的人权和基本自由不受政府侵犯.
"Notwithstanding Clause" (section 33): Both parliament and provincial legislatures have a limited power under section 33 to pass laws that are exempt from certain Charter provisions - those concerning fundamental freedoms and legal and equality rights. In order to rely on this section, parliament or a legislature must state specifically that a particular law is exempt from the Charter. It must also state which sections of the Charter do not apply. An exemption from the Charter lasts a maximum of five years.

“尽管语句”(第33部分): 议会和省立法机构在第33部分下都有有限的权力通过不受某些《宪章》条款限制的特定法律 — 那些关于基本自由、法律和平等权利。为了依据这一部分,议会或立法机构必须特别说明一个特定法律免于《宪章》的限制。它也必须说明宪章的哪几部分没有被应用。《宪章》的赦免最长持续五年。   

to be continued 待续



2楼 2010年4月7日 09:07:06 米娅

continued 接上文

The development of human rights protection in Canada:

人权保护在加拿大的发展:

·      The human rights movement gained momentum at the end of World War II. There was a real need to prevent the horrific acts that took place during the war from recurring. This led to the creation of the United Nations in 1945.

·       人权运动在第二次世界大战获得了推动。当时有必要防止战争时期的可怕行为再次发生。这导致了1945年联合国的建立。

·       In 1948, the general assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ("the UDHR"). A Canadian by the name of John Peters Humphrey was one of the drafters of the UDHR. The UDHR has remained the single most cited international human rights instrument.

·       在1948年,联合国大会采用了《人权宣言》。一个名叫John Peters Humphrey的加拿大人是起草人之一。《人权宣言》是被引用最多的人权文本。

·       Canada's commitment to the protection of human rights in the domestic context was first brought to the forefront in 1960, with the Canadian Bill of Rights, a federal law protecting human rights.

·       在民主的环境下,加拿大保护人权的使命在1960年和《加拿大人权利法案》一起放在了首要位置。

·        In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was proclaimed in force. It was added to the Canadian constitution as schedule B, part I of the Constitution Act, 1982.

·       在1982年,《加拿大权力和自由宪章》生效. 在1982年, 它被写入加拿大宪法的B计划, 宪法的第一部分.

·       The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms continues to reflect the principles of liberty, equality, accommodation of a wide variety of beliefs, respect for cultural and group identity, and human dignity that define us as Canadians.

·      《加拿大权力和自由宪章》继续体现着自由、平等的原则,广泛的信仰的支持,对文化和群体的身份的尊重,和我们作为加拿大人的尊严的定义。


The influence of the Charter in other countries:

《宪章》在其它国家的影响:

·       The Charter has been used as a source of guidance by other countries when drafting their own bills of rights. For example, the wording and structure of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, 1990 was strongly influenced by the Charter.

·       《宪章》一直被其它国家在起草它们自己的权利法案时作为参考。例如, 《1990年新西兰权利法案》的文字和结构都显著的受《宪章》的影响。

·       Charter decisions are frequently used by the courts of other countries when interpreting human rights guarantees in their bills of rights. For example, the South African constitutional court has used Charter decisions in interpreting the right to equality, right to life, right to trial within a reasonable time, freedom of religion, and freedom of expression. The courts of other countries including New Zealand, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Uganda, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe have also used Charter decisions from Canadian courts.

·      《宪章》的决定经常被其它国家的法庭在解释它们权利法案的人权保障时采用。例如,南非宪法法庭使用《宪章》的决定来解释平等权、生存权、在合理时间的审判权、信仰自由和言论自由。其它国家,包括新西兰、爱尔兰、斯里兰卡、乌干达、英国和津巴布韦也使用加拿大法庭作出的《宪章》决定。 

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